Diane Cutter wrote:
>Any suggestions as to brands for varnish? Better to brush on or spray on?
Polyurethane will give a thicker film finish which will tend to fill the
grain (make it less pronounced in printing). Urethane is very hardy and
insoluble in turps and mineral spirits but more soluble in lacquer
thinners. A single thin coat of shellac will seal the surface without much
filling the grain -- it's less durable and soluble in alcohol but not in
turps, mineral spirits, or lacquer thinner. Spar (and other) varnish make
a film similar to urethane and is very durable. Regardless which you
choose, be sure to use fresh stuff or it will go on unevenly and dry with a
lot of tack.
No need to spray (which seems like an easier way but isn't, as spraying
tends to build a pebbly surface unless you're experienced with spray
finishing. All the above can be wiped on and rubbed out wet with a rag
(very easy to get a thin film) or can be painted with a brush (especially
polyurethane settles to a smooth film when brushed -- but don't go over
areas you've already applied or you may leave some printable 'brush ridges'
in areas which have begun to set up).
If you finish the blocks before carving, you'll carve crisper edges and the
finish will help reduce tear-out when cutting cross-grain. If you finish
after carving, the carved parts will also be sealed, but the edges will
print ever so slightly softer (depending on the thickness of the film).
Finish seals the wood, making it less absorbent (when oily printing on
unfinished wood surfaces, especially with softwood, the first prints pulled
may print lighter than expected because the wood will absorb some of the
oil from the ink). But -- so what? It's probably easiest to forget
finishing and just print the bare wood!
In water-color printing, some printers routinely seal the wood prior to
carving in order to make the surface uniformly absorbent (or
non-absorbent). I usually prefer to print from bare wood (personal
preference). Sealed areas will print markedly lighter than unsealed areas
because unsealed areas hold more water and pigment than sealed areas. This
can be used to produce very attractive 'shades' in uncarved areas which
have been partially painted with sealer with this difference in mind.
I've made some experimental uncarved 'reduction' prints in which I used
thinned shellac to 'stop out' the lightest areas, then printed the entire
surface in a light color, then re-coated the previously painted areas plus
the next-lightest areas with the thinned shellac, and reprinted the sheets
with a darker color, repeating until most of the block had been shellacked
and the darkest color had been printed. In that way the lightest areas of
the block/image build up a thicker surface from multiple coats of thin
shellac and the darkest colors print surprisingly light in well-shellacked
areas! This produces a subtle relatively low-contrast print which can be
very pleasing! The general technique is not my invention (the reduction
application might be unique to me so far, though) ... I tried it after
seeing one of Helen Frankenthaller's large plywood blocks (a reject) which
had been loosely painted with shellac over part of the surface and carved
in other areas to produce a soft change in depth of tone in one of her
prints. The shellac had also been dry-pointed in some areas -- the block
was press-printed -- in order to produce a much darker intaglio impression
from the additional color retained in the scratches. Endless interesting
stuff to explore! :)
-- Mike
Mike Lyon
Kansas City, Missouri
http://mlyon.com